Dualidade das nanopartículas de CeO₂: uma revisão da atividade antioxidante ou citotóxica em modelos celulares
Resumo
As espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) podem induzir estresse oxidativo, o qual tem sido associado a diversas doenças. Os antioxidantes tradicionais têm a capacidade de neutralizar as ERO; no entanto, podem apresentar efeitos adversos. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a capacidade antioxidante das nanopartículas de óxido de cério (CeO₂ NPs) devido ao seu potencial redox reversível (Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺); contudo, podem exercer efeitos citotóxicos, dependendo do método de síntese. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as evidências científicas sobre as CeO₂ NPs acerca dos mecanismos de citotoxicidade, da atividade antioxidante e do uso de extratos como potencializadores, considerando a influência dos métodos de síntese e dos modelos biológicos utilizados. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão narrativa mediante consulta à literatura científica indexada na Web of Science, SciELO, PubMed e ScienceDirect, publicada entre 2010 e 2025. Os estudos evidenciam que as nanopartículas obtidas por meio de síntese verde apresentam, na maioria dos casos, maior biocompatibilidade e atividade antioxidante, a qual pode ser potencializada pelo uso de extratos vegetais como Salvia rosmarinus S. Além disso, são estabelecidas as bases para estudos futuros voltados à avaliação de fatores como o tamanho de partícula e a concentração, que influenciam significativamente a resposta celular, bem como o comportamento diferencial em distintos sistemas biológicos, uma vez que a resposta biológica pode variar, o que demonstra uma possível citotoxicidade direcionada a células malignas. O exposto subsidia a tomada de decisões em torno da síntese de CeO₂ NPs e suas aplicações.
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