Antibióticos multitarea en el contexto de la reutilización de medicamentos: del bactericida al viricida
Resumen
La necesidad de alternativas terapéuticas frente a las infecciones virales, en un escenario donde la resistencia tanto a antibióticos como a antivirales representa un desafío para la salud pública, ha impulsado la búsqueda de estrategias innovadoras como la reutilización de medicamentos. Este concepto consiste en redirigir el uso de fármacos ya aprobados hacia nuevas indicaciones, permitiendo acelerar la disponibilidad de tratamientos eficaces y, con esto, reducir los costos y tiempos de desarrollo significativamente. El objetivo de este texto es evaluar la viabilidad de reutilizar antibióticos como agentes antivirales, analizando los mecanismos moleculares implicados como la inhibición de la entrada viral, la interferencia con la replicación del genoma viral y la modulación de la respuesta inmune del huésped, así como las potenciales aplicaciones clínicas frente a virus como SARS-CoV-2, Zika, dengue, influenza A, entre otros. Se revisó literatura relevante de los últimos 10 años en bases como PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y otras interfaces priorizando estudios clínicos, revisiones previas y reportes institucionales. Se abordan las implicaciones clínicas, regulatorias y de salud pública asociadas a esta estrategia, considerando tanto sus beneficios como los riesgos implicados, entre ellos, el desarrollo de resistencia antimicrobiana y el impacto sobre el microbioma. Los hallazgos sugieren que el reposicionamiento de antibióticos representa una alternativa terapéutica prometedora, aunque su implementación requiere de estudios clínicos rigurosos que garanticen su eficacia y seguridad.
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