Un enfoque para la rehabilitación neurológica: Técnicas de neuromodulación no invasiva
Resumen
Introducción: La neuromodulación no invasiva constituye un campo emergente y prometedor en la medicina contemporánea que engloba diversas técnicas destinadas a influir en la plasticidad neuronal del sistema nervioso. Este artículo tiene como objetivo informar sobre los diferentes tipos de terapias no invasivas, destacar los beneficios de su uso en pacientes con afecciones neurológicas o psiquiátricas y presentar evidencia sobre la eficacia y seguridad de las terapias no invasivas como una alternativa viable a tratamientos convencionales o invasivos. Metodología: Mediante una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica reciente (2017-2024) en bases de datos electrónicas como Elsevier, PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, Dialnet y ScienceDirect y se realizó una síntesis temática organizando las diferentes técnicas no invasivas. Resultados: Los resultados demuestran que estas técnicas ofrecen alternativas terapéuticas eficaces para diversas condiciones neurológicas y psiquiátricas. La estimulación eléctrica transcutánea mostró una efectividad del 86.7% (P < 0,001) en pacientes con lesión medular, mejorando fuerza, funcionalidad y calidad de vida sin efectos adversos significativos y la terapia magnética aplicada en 85 pacientes fue muy segura con solo un 1% de efectos adversos graves. Neurofeedback, la estimulación sensorial y terapias físicas mejoraron significativamente funciones motoras, cognitivas y sociales, mientras que la realidad virtual ayudó en la rehabilitación motora como complemento a otros tratamientos. Discusión: Respecto a la seguridad, la mayoría de las técnicas demostraron excelente tolerabilidad, exceptuando la estimulación magnética transcraneal y los ultrasonidos focalizados, que presentaron efectos adversos leves a moderados en algunos casos (cefalea, molestias locales y, muy raramente, convulsiones). Conclusión: En conclusión, las técnicas de neuromodulación no invasiva representan una alternativa viable, eficaz y segura para el tratamiento complementario de condiciones neurológicas y psiquiátricas. Su integración en la práctica clínica requiere un enfoque personalizado, interdisciplinario y basado en evidencia, considerando las características específicas del paciente y su condición.
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