Parámetros hematológicos como predictores de complicaciones en preeclampsia: una revisión de la literatura
Resumen
La preeclampsia es un fenómeno hipertensivo del embarazo que pone en riesgo la vida materna y fetal. Actualmente su incidencia a nivel mundial es de aproximadamente 8% y representa el 14% de las causas de mortalidad maternas. El diagnóstico temprano es esencial para un mejor desenlace tanto para la materna como el feto, pero usualmente resulta tardío debido a que depende de criterios como cifras tensionales elevadas y proteinuria una vez cumplidas 20 semanas de embarazo, aun cuando el proceso fisiopatológico es de inicio temprano. Por lo tanto, la búsqueda de biomarcadores de fácil acceso que permitan hacer un diagnóstico más oportuno es de gran relevancia para el inicio temprano del tratamiento y la disminución de la mortalidad. En consecuencia, esta investigación pretende analizar evidencia disponible sobre el uso de parámetros hematológicos
como predictores de complicaciones en preeclampsia Mediante la identificación de dichos biomarcadores, evaluando su asociación al desarrollo y gravedad de la enfermedad, comparando su utilidad con otros marcadores usados tradicionalmente. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura narrativa utilizando bases de datos biomédicas como PubMed, Scopus, Scielo y Web of Science, priorizando estudios clínicos y metaanálisis publicados entre los años 2014 y 2024. Los hallazgos indican que una disminución en el Índice Plaqueta-Linfocito (plr) vinculado con la preeclampsia, destacando su potencial predictivo, especialmente al combinarse con otros parámetros, lo que podría aumentar su significancia estadística. Además, se enfatiza que el incremento del índice Neutrófilo-Linfocito (nlr) y la disminución de plr durante el primer y tercer trimestre tienen un valor diagnóstico superior a una
única medición, y se asocian con preeclampsia severa. Estos resultados refuerzan el uso de parámetros hematológicos como posibles predictores. Sin embargo, se señala que presentan limitaciones en sensibilidad, lo cual implica que para su aplicación clínica requiere más validación e investigación antes de considerarlos herramientas definitivas.
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